Lower respiratory tract harbour characteristic microbial communities. We explored the deep lung microbiota dynamics of the transplanted lung over time. Our study shows that a predominant "balanced" microbiota resembling that of a healthy lung is key for clinical stability and immune homeostasis.

Bacterial promoters have always been considered to be directional, only recruiting RNAP in one orientation. In our paper, we show that promoters are frequently able to recruit polymerase in both orientations, resulting in divergent transcription. We call these bidirectional promoters.

Using adaptive evolution for making photosynthetic microbes tolerant to stressful conditions might be a shortcut for identifying protein mutations suitable to enhance the yield of crop plants.